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Weefselkweek (Plant) I Techniek I Toepassingen I Laboratoria I

tissue culture (plant)

Tissue of root

Tissue is a method plants to increase under sterile conditions, often used to clones of a plant to produce. Tissue culture techniques may offer certain advantages over conventional propagation techniques including:

• The production of exact copies of plants that flower well and fruit, or have other desirable traits.
• To quickly produce mature plants
• The production of multiple plants in the absence of the required seeds or pollinators needed for fruit set.
• The regeneration of whole plants from plant cells that genetically modified are.
• production plants in sterile soil, resulting in a decreased risk of transferring diseases plant pests and .
• The propagation of plants that otherwise have very little chance germination and growth things as orchids and Nepenthes. To
• virus infection infection prevention and healthy plants quickly propagate the agriculture and horticulture .

tissue culture relies on the fact that many plant cells have the ability to grow a whole plant (totipotency ). Individual cells, cells without cell wall ( protoplasts ), parts of leaves or fewer roots can be used for new plants to generate culture media given the required nutrients and plant hormones added.

Techniques

Modern tissue culture is performed under aseptic conditions with filtered air. . Living plant materials from the naturally infected on the surface and sometimes in the tissues by microorganisms which antisepsis starting material (explants ) with chemical solutions is an important first step. Explants are then usually placed on the surface of a solid culture medium, but sometimes directly into a liquid medium, particularly when cell suspension cultures desired. Solid and liquid media are generally made inorganic salts and some organic nutrients vitamins and plant hormones. Solid media are prepared from liquid media with the addition of a gelling substance agar.

Callus Nicotiana tabacum

The composition of the medium, especially plant hormones and The nitrogen source ( nitrate versus ammonium salts or amino have profound effects on the morphology of tissues that grow from the original explant. For example, an excess auxin will often result in a proliferation of roots , while a surplus of cytokinin yield shoots. An imbalance between auxin and cytokinin will often lead to unorganized growth of cells or callus , but the morphology of the new growth will depend on the plant species and the composition of the medium. The skill and experience of the performer are important in assessing what types of replication and what types to exclude.

When new shoots arise in tissue culture, they can be cut and rooted by auxin production in plants, as adults, can be moved to soil to grow in greenhouses as normal plants.

Applications

tissue culture are widely used in plant science. There are also a number of commercial applications. Applications include:

• Micropropagation , used to produce large numbers of identical plants .. It is widely used in forestry and horticulture . Micropropagation can also be used in conservation biology and breeding endangered species . A plant breeder
• may use tissue cells to screen for characteristics such as resistance against herbicides.
• scale cultivation of plant cells in liquid culture in bioreactors as a source of secondary products such as recombinant proteins using recombinant DNA techniques . Deze eiwitten kunnen onder andere worden gebruikt in de biofarmacie
• Om ver verwante soorten te kruisen door fusie van protoplasten en de opkweek van de nieuwe hybride .
• Voor de kruisbestuiving van ver verwante soorten en vervolgens de toepassing van weefselkweek omdat het resulterende embryo anders zou afsterven.
• Voor de productie van dihaploïde planten uit haploïde cellijnen om sneller homozygote cellijnen in kweekprogranmma’s te verkrijgen. Dit gebeurt meestal door behandeling met colchicine , waat verdubbeling van het aantaal chromosomen veroorzaakt.
• If a tissue for transformation, followed by short break times from genetically modified plants or regeneration of transgenic plants.
• Certain techniques such as meristem culture of primary can be performed to plant virus infections without like to grow potatoes and many kinds soft fruit like strawberries and blackberries, but also bedding.

Laboratories

While some farms have their own laboratories the propagation of plants through tissue culture, there are a number of independent laboratories that provide propagation techniques. The Plant Tissue Culture Information Exchange ^[1] has listed a number of commercial tissue culture laboratories that apply. Because a tissue labor-intensive activity is not suitable for all plants on a commercial basis in a laboratory to be increased. In recent years, much tissue culture work moved to low wage countries, making the plants for a lower price can be produced.

Literature

There are few non-technical books on the subject, but "Plants from Test Tubes: Introduction to Micropropagation" ^[2] focuses on the curious hobbyist or professional grower who wants to become involved in micropropagation. A practical book on the micropropagation of orchids "Micropropagation of Orchids" by Joseph Arditti and Robert Ernst uitegeven by John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 0471549053 .

source: wikipedia