Cloning
The cloning (from the Greek κλων , which means offspring) can be defined as the process that achieves identical copies of an organism, cell or molecule and developed asexually. [ 1 ]
should take into account the following characteristics:
"First cloned molecules is required and you can not make an organ or part of the" clone "if not with the molecules that form such a being, but of course to make a clone need to know what we want to clone (see molecular cloning)
- Being part of an animal and developed because cloning responds to an interest for obtaining copies of a specific animal that interests us, and only when an adult know their characteristics.
- On the other hand, attempt to create asexually. Sexual reproduction allows us to get identical copies, as this type of reproduction by its very nature generates diversity.
Molecular cloning
molecular cloning is used in a wide variety of biological experiments and practical applications ranging from fingerprinting to production of large-scale protein .
In practice, the to amplify any sequence in a living organism, the sequence to be cloned must be linked to an origin of replication, which is a DNA sequence capable of directing this process, and certain other features are needed and a variety of cloning vectors
cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves four steps:
- Fragmentation: The broken fragments of interest from a string of DNA.
- Ligation : They attach the DNA fragments in the desired sequence.
- Transfection : Enter the sequence formed within cells.
- Selection : Finally, select the cells that have been transfected successfully with the new DNA.
Initially, the DNA of interest need to be isolated from a DNA segment of suitable size. Subsequently, ligation process occurs when the amplified fragment was inserted into a cloning vector : The vector is linearized (as it is circular), using restriction enzymes and then incubated under appropriate conditions the DNA fragment of interest and the vector with the enzyme DNA ligase. After ligation of vector with the insert of interest, transfection occurs within cells for this purpose transfected cells are cultured; this process is the process step, as it is the part where we see whether the cells were transfected successfully or not.
We therefore identify transfected cells and untransfected, modern cloning vectors exist including markers of resistance to antibiotics that can only have been transfected cells can grow. There are other cloning vectors which provide blue / white screening. Thus, the investigation of the colonies is needed to confirm that cloning was successful.
Cell cloning
Cloning a cell is to form a group of them from one. In the case of unicellular organisms such as bacteria and yeast, this process is very simple and only requires the inoculation of the right products.
However, in the case of cultured cells in multicellular organisms, cell cloning is a difficult task because these cells need a very specific environmental conditions.
A useful téctica tissue culture used to clone distinct lineages of cells is the use of cloning rings (cylinders).
According to this technique, a group of cells that have been exposed unicellular to a mutagenic agent or drug used to facilitate the selection is placed in a high dilution to create isolated colonies, each stemming from a single and potentially clonally distinct cell.
In the first stage of growth, when the colonies have only a few cells, are sterile polystyrene rings dipped in fat, and placed on a single colony with a small amount of trypsin.
The cloned cells are collected inside the ring and taken to a new container to continue its growth.
therapeutic cloning
Therapeutic cloning is therapeutic and involves obtaining stem cells from the patient to be treated, considering the following experiment: Take a somatic cell to treat any patient, isolate the nucleus with the chromosomes inside and everything else is discarded. On the other hand, we get an unfertilized egg and extract its nucleus with its chromosomes, so to include in it the previously isolated nucleus from the somatic cell. The following is stimulating the egg with the nucleus and cell division starting from the cloned embryo. This embryo is a clone of the patient to be treated. We let the embryo develops until the key stage, the blastocyst.
At this stage we extract the stem cells obtained from the cell mass that has the same DNA as the patient, and therefore will not cause rejection when injecting.
An example of this type of cloning is the cloning of Dolly (July 5, 1996 - February 14, 2003).
Cloning stem cell research:
The somatic cell nuclear transfer can also be used to create a cloned embryo. The goal is not to clone human beings, but (as already mentioned above) to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and studies on disease of interest.
Cloning bodies naturally
cloning of an organism is to create a new body with the same genetic information as an existing cell. A method of asexual reproduction where fertilization not occur. Overall, only one parent involved. This form of reproduction is common in organisms like amoeba and other unicellular organisms, although most plants and fungi also reproduce asexually. Also
include the acquisition of identical twins naturally or artificially. The natural way is considered a spontaneous alteration during embryonic development, ignoring their cause, although a statistically significant correlation family. The artificial method is performed by separation through manipulation of the blastomeres, weakening the cell junctions with trypsin and Ca-poor medium 2 +, or manually starting the blastocyst in half (very common in cows.)
source: wikipedia
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