human cloning
Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a copy of a current or former human being. There are two types of human cloning:
-therapeutic cloning.
-reproductive cloning.
Therapeutic cloning involves cloning cells an adult for later use in medicine (as seen in the section on therapeutic cloning).
Reproductive cloning would involve the complete cloning of a human being. This type of cloning has not been done yet in humans.
A third type of cloning would be the cloning of replacement would be a combination of reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. In this type of cloning would produce partial cloning of a tissue or part of a human need for a transplant.
In January 2008, Andrew Wood announced that created 5 human embryos using DNA from skin cells of adults in order to provide a viable source of embryonic stem cells but was raised that this was an ethical and legal, so they were destroyed.
The purpose of human cloning research has never been to clone people or creating babies reserve. [ 2 ] The research aims to obtain stem cells to cure diseases. [ 3 ]
course have published the results of cloning research for human and animal stem cells and, like all other scientific discoveries, these publications are available worldwide.
These individuals not employed by any university, hospital or government institution. [citation needed ] In general, the worldwide scientific community is strongly opposed to any hypothesis of cloning a baby.
According to John Kilner, president of Centre for Bioethics and Human Dignity in the U.S. , "Most of the published research shows that the death or maiming of the clone are very likely results in cloning of mammals. " [citation needed ]
Nobody knows how far advanced the truly human cloning babies. In April 2002 the Italian scientist Dr. Severino Antinori made a cuff remark to a reporter, saying that three women were pregnant with a cloned embryo. Since then he departed from under the stage lights and never had the opportunity to confirm or deny this comment. Although it is true, or attempt had failed, giving the impression that Antinori intends to try to clone a human baby in the near future. [ citation needed]
physicians assess the risks of human cloning as very high. [citation needed ]
"Submission to the cloning of humans does not mean assuming an unknown risk, but deliberately hurt people," says Kilner. [citation needed ]
Most scientists are of the same opinion. [citation needed ] Most attempts at cloning of animal embryos resulted deformed or abortions after implantation. [citation needed ] They argue that few cloned animals have birth defects are not detectable through analysis or tests in the uterus, for example, the deformations in the lining of the lungs.
In 1996, he cloned the sheep Dolly . It was the first mammal cloned from DNA derived from an adult rather than using DNA from an embryo. But while Dolly has a healthy, questioning the possibility that grew old rather than a normal sheep. [citation needed ] also 277 embryos were needed to produce this birth.
Cloning extinct and endangered
Cloning extinct species, has been a dream for many científicos.Uno the objectives set for cloning was the woolly mammoth, but attempts to extract DNA from frozen mammoths have been unsuccessful, although a Russian-Japanese team is working on it.
In 2001, a cow named Bessie gave birth to a gaur (Indian bison) cloned from Asia, an endangered species, but the calf died after two days.
In 2003, a banteng (bull type) was successfully cloned, in addition were also successfully cloned three wild beasts of Africa from frozen embryos. These successes have given hope to the possibility that extinct species can be cloned. Faced with this possibility, the tissue samples from the last ibex (mountain goat) were frozen rapidly after death.
Researchers are also considering cloning endangered species like the giant panda, ocelot, and cheetah.
In 2002, geneticists at the Australian Museum announced that had replicated DNA of the Tasmanian Tiger, extinct for 65 years with the chain reaction of polymerase. However in 2005, had to stop the project because the cells were not well preserved.
One obstacle in the attempt to clone extinct species is the need to maintain the DNA in perfect condition, very well preserved.
cloning from the religious point of view
Catholic Religion
Tras la intervención realizada por los científicos Ian Wilmut y Keith Campbell en la Oveja Dolly , el Vaticano publicó un documento titulado Reflexiones sobre la clonación . En este documento se da una condena firme de cualquier experimentación con seres humanos o con sus células con fines de clonación humana: [ 4 ]
'Pontificia Academia Pro Vita (The Vatican, 1997): Reflections on human cloning , chap. 3.
The conviction that the Catholic Church makes human cloning on the fact that such a scientific technique manipulates and exclude the Catholic belief in the inherent relationality and complementarity of human procreation, instrumentalizaría the embryo and the woman has to carry the cloned individual in her uterus and pervert the fundamental relations of the human person (the self's relation) from the point of view of the Catholic religion. Attached to it all, the document indicates that cloning reaffirms the view that religious individuals can dominate the existence of other even programming their biological identity, which no person has the right to do. Finally, the Catholic Church supports the theory that allowing human cloning would be a violation of the fundamental principles of human rights, equality between human beings and non-discrimination.
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