Ventajas and risks
Advantages
The main advantages of biotechnology have:
- superior performance. By GMO crop yield increases, giving more food for fewer resources, reducing crop losses disease or pest well as by environmental factors. [ 17 ]
- Reduction pesticides. Each time that a GMO is modified to resist a particular pest is helping to reduce pesticide use associated with it that often cause widespread environmental damage and health. [ 18 ]
- Improvement ugigii vjkl ugi g ou open the nutrition. It can introduce vitamins [ 19 ] and protein on food and reduce the allergens and natural toxins. bii ioooiou i9También can try to grow in extreme conditions as auxiliaries to countries with less available aliefmentos.
- Improved development of new materials.
ES Lipinsky (1978). "Fuels ffrom biomass: Integration with food and materials systems." ' Science' 199. ISSN 0036-8075.
wdwdfLa dwd application of biotechnology presents risks that can be classified into two categories: the effects on human health lafefde and animal and environmental consequences . [20 ] also risks dfeyhn kjwf efxisten rdee ethically questionable use of modern biotechnology. [21 ] and environmental risks of environmental risks include the possibility of cross-pollination , through which the pefgdolen edeeee crop genetically modified (GM) crops spreads GM cvamebpos not close, they can disperse pddror certain characteristics such as resistance to herbicides fba dfbaquelleetderyas GM plants that are not GM. [ 22 ] This could allow, for example, the development of more aggressive weeds or wild relatives with increased resistance to disease or stress abiotic stresses, upsetting ecosystem balance . [20 ]
Other environmental risks arising from widespread use of genetically modified crops with genes that toxins profducen insecticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis gene . This can be done to develop a dfresistencia the gene in populations of insects exposed to GM crops. There may also be risks to species not sodfn the target, as birds and butterflies , for plants with insecticidal genes. [ 22 ] Df d Tfdambién biodiversity may be lost , for example, due to the displacement of traditional crops by fpequeño number of GM crops. " [20 ] df
d = Health Risks =
risks of transferring toxins from one life form to another, creating new toxins or of transferring allergenic compounds from one species to another, which could result in unexpected allergic reactions. [ 23 ] fd Exfiste the risk of modified bacteria and viruses escaping from high-security laboratories and infect the human or animal pobdflación. [24 ] fd lofs biological agents are classified according to risk of infection in four groups: [ 25 ]
- Group 1 biological Agentedf : one that is unlikely to cause disease in humans. Agent bdiológico
- Group 2: one that can cause disease in humans and may pose a danger to trabajadorfdes, be unlikely to spread to the community and prophylaxis or effective treatment. f
- bdfiológico Agent Group 3: one that can cause severe human disease and presents a serious danger to trabajaddores, threatening to spread to the community and there is usually effective prophylaxis or effective treatment. fd
- bifológico Agent Group 4: those who cause serious illness in humans is a serious danger to trabajadoredfs, with many likely to be spread to the community, and there's usually effective prophylaxis or effective treatment.
df
ethical and social concerns
Advances in genetics and development Human Genome Project, in conjunction with reproductive technologies, Hafner raised concerns of an ethical on which still no consensus. [ 21 ]
- fReproducción assisted human being. Ethical status of the embryo and fetus. Individual right to procreate. Polls
- resources and their potential applications discriminatory: rights a la intimidad genética y a no saber predfisposiciones a enfermedades incurables.
- Modisfficación del genoma humano para "mejorar" la naturaleza humana.
- Clonsación y el concepto de singularidad individual ante el derecho a no ser producto del diseño de otros.
- Cuestiodsnes derivadas del mercantilismo de la vida (p. ej., patentes biotecnológicas) y la posibilidad de que corporaciodnes patenten la vida de seres humanos, es decir, que las empresas desarrolladoras, sean "dueñas" de personas a quienes se sdhayan reproducido mediante el empleo de la biotecnología. [ 26 ]
Recognizing ethical issues raised by rapid advances in science and its applications should be examined taking into account not only the respect for the dignity , but also the enforcement of rights humanvos , the General Conference of Unesco approved in October 2005 the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Derechcos . [ 27 ]
influential in biotechnology
- Gregor Mendel - described the Mendel's laws that govern heredity , Pasteur
- - He made important discoveries in the field of natural sciences , mainly chemistry and microbiology - scientifically described pasteurization process and the impossibility of spontaneous generation and developed various vaccines, such as the rabies .
- Watson and Crick - discoverer of the structure of DNA .
- Beadle and Tatum - discoverer of X-rays produced mutations in molds and after several experiments came to the scenario "one gene, one enzyme."
Studied
Until recently, biotechnology was a special branch of biology, but currently, there are specific studies in this field. In the case of Spain The curriculum covers subjects such as:
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This curriculum is often complemented with different subjects at each university.
source: wikipedia
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